Editorial Board, iii
Contributors, v
Preface, xvii
By Frank H. Miller
Systemic Therapy in Lung Cancer: Imaging Considerations, 1
By Richard Thomas, Marta Braschi-Amirfarzan, and Rachna Madan
Introduction, 1
Guidelines for systemic therapy for lung cancer, 2
Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer, 2
Small Cell Lung Cancer, 3
Role of imaging in following disease kinetics and monitoring response to therapy, 4
Tumor Response Criteria, 5
Atypical Response, Pseudoprogression, and Hyperprogression, 5
Resistance, 8
Image-Guided Biopsy, 8
Role of imaging in monitoring treatment-related toxicity, 9
Imaging as a component of multidisciplinary oncology, 12
Future directions, 12
Summary, 13
Disclosure, 13
Computed Tomography in the Evaluation of Pulmonary Hypertension, 17
By Seth Kligerman, Lewis Hahn, and Elizabeth Weihe
Pulmonary hypertension, 17
Computed tomography pulmonary angiography, 17
Common findings in patients with pulmonary hypertension, 18
Dilatation of the Pulmonary Arteries, 18
Right Heart Findings, 19
Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension, 20
Pulmonary hypertension caused by left heart disease, 23
Pulmonary hypertension caused by lung disease or hypoxia, 26
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, 26
Interstitial Lung Disease, 27
Sleep-Disordered Breathing, 27
Pulmonary hypertension with unclear multifactorial mechanisms, 28
Sarcoid, 28
Fibrosing Mediastinitis, 28
Vasculitis, 29
Pulmonary arterial hypertension, 30
Summary, 33
Disclosure, 33
Advances in Imaging of Adult Congenital Heart Disease, 37
By Clinton E. Jokerst and Kristopher W. Cummings
Introduction, 37
Significance, 37
General content, 38
Advances in Computed Tomography: Iterative Reconstruction, 38
Advances in Computed Tomography: Metal Artifact Reduction, 38
Advances in Computed Tomography: Improved X-Ray Tubes, 39
Advances in Magnetic Resonance: Compressed Sensing, 39
Advances in Magnetic Resonance: Four-Dimensional Flow, 39
Advances in Magnetic Resonance: Scanning Pacemaker Patients, 43
Advances in Postprocessing: Automation, 47
Advances in Postprocessing: Three-Dimensional Printing, 48
Discussion, 49
Repaired Tetralogy of Fallot, 49
d-Transposition of the Great Arteries: Atrial Switch (Intra-Atrial Baffle), 54
d-Transposition of the Great Arteries: Arterial Switch Operation, 59
Summary, 60
Disclosure, 60
Artificial Intelligence in Cardiopulmonary Imaging, 65
By Jessica Chan and William F. Auffermann
Introduction, 65
Introduction to artificial intelligence, 65
Detection, 66
Characterization, 69
Characterizing Pulmonary Nodules, 69
Predicting Survival in Lung Cancer, 69
Classifying Interstitial Lung Disease, 70
Segmentation, 70
Introduction to Segmentation, 70
Applications in Cardiovascular Imaging, 72
Applications in Thoracic Imaging, 72
Case study: pulmonary nodules, 72
Case study: cardiac computed tomography imaging, 74
Identification of Key Cardiac Landmarks, 74
Coronary Calcium Scoring, 74
Coronary Artery Segmentation, Coronary Stenosis Estimation, and Coronary Plaque Composition, 74
Computed Tomography Fractional Flow Reserve, 74
Case study: urgent findings, 76
Will computers replace clinicians?, 76
Summary, 77
Disclosure, 77
Update in Imaging of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis, 81
By Katherine A. Kaproth-Joslin, Mary Frances A. Croake, and Stephen B. Hobbs
Introduction, 81
Imaging modalities, 82
Society guidelines, 84
Imaging findings and diagnostic criteria, 85
Typical Usual Interstitial Pneumonia Computed Tomographic Pattern Imaging Findings, 86
Probable Usual Interstitial Pneumonia Computed Tomographic Pattern Imaging Findings, 86
Indeterminate Usual Interstitial Pneumonia Pattern Imaging Findings, 87
Nonspecific Interstitial Pneumonia, 87
Connective Tissue Disease–Associated Interstitial Lung Disease, 88
Chronic Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis, 88
Sarcoidosis, 89
Chronic Aspiration, 90
Complications of usual interstitial pneumonia, 91
Acute Exacerbation of Usual Interstitial Pneumonia, 91
Combined Pulmonary Fibrosis and Emphysema, 92
Lung Cancer, 92
Pulmonary Hypertension, 93
Infection, 94
Templated reporting, 95
Multidisciplinary discussion and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, 95
Quantitative imaging and machine learning in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, 96
Treatment, 97
Summary, 98
Disclosure, 98
Bariatric Embolization: Is There a Role for Interventional Radiology in the Treatment of Obesity?, 101
By Jenanan P. Vairavamurthy, Omid Shafaat, and Clifford R. Weiss
Introduction, 101
Current obesity therapy, 102
Lifestyle Modifications, 102
Bariatric Surgery, 102
Pharmacotherapy, 104
Endoscopic Bariatric Techniques, 105
Bariatric embolization, 107
Summary, 110
Disclosure, 110
Contemporary Techniques and Applications of Radioembolization in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Y90 from Palliative to Curative, 113
By Ahmed Gabr, Pouya Entezari, Ahsun Riaz, Riad Salem, and Robert J. Lewandowski
Introduction, 113
Planning and treatment, 114
Planning Angiography and Technetium 99m Macroaggregated Albumin Scan, 114
Estimating Treatment Dose, 114
Radioembolization, 115
Current and evolving Y90 techniques, 115
Radiation Segmentectomy, 115
Radiation Lobectomy, 115
Modified Radiation Lobectomy, 116
Posttreatment follow-up, 116
Applications and outcomes, 118
Early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma: Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer 0/A, 119
Intermediate stage hepatocellular carcinoma: Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer B, 119
Advanced Stage Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer C, 120
Terminal Stage Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer D, 121
Treatment Intent of Y90: Palliative Versus Curative, 121
Transradial Access in Interventional Radiology, 127
By Joseph J. Titano, Rahul S. Patel, and Aaron M. Fischman
Introduction, 127
Analysis, 127
Brief History of Radial Artery Access, 127
Anatomic Considerations, 128
Transradial Access Across the Spectrum of Interventional Radiology, 129
Impact of Transradial Access on the Practice of Interventional Radiology, 129
Learning Curve, Radiation, and Safety Concerns Specific to Transradial Access, 130
Future avenues, 135
Length Limitations and the Treatment of Peripheral Arterial Disease, 135
Distal Radial Access, 135
Summary, 135
Disclosure, 136
Clinical Image-Guided Ablation for Thyroid Malignancy with Proposed Thyroid Segmentation System, 139
By Alan Alper Sag, Hadiza S. Kazaure, Jennifer M. Perkins, Jennifer H. Choe, Daniel J. Rocke, Tony P. Smith, and Randall P. Scheri
Introduction, 139
Clinical image-guided ablation for thyroid malignancy, 139
Normal anatomy, pearls, pitfalls, variants, and imaging considerations for ablation, 143
Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve, 143
Superior Laryngeal Nerve, 145
Vagus Nerve, 145
Parathyroid Gland, 145
Esophagus, 146
Trachea, 146
Strap Muscles and Cricothyroid, 146
Skin, 146
Proposed thyroid segmentation system, 146
Summary, 147
Disclosure, 147
Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System: Current Challenges and Future Directions, 151
By Victoria Chernyak and Claude B. Sirlin
Introduction, 151
Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging diagnostic algorithm: background, 152
Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System population, 152
Evidence supporting Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System evolution, 152
Development of standard lexicon for clinical care, research, and education, 155
Algorithm simplification, 155
Intermodality agreement, 155
Inter-reader agreement, 157
Ancillary features, 157
Cross-modality integration, 158
Assessment of washout with gadoxetate, 158
LR-M category, 158
Rim versus nonrim arterial-phase hyperenhancement, 159
Systems unification—is it possible?, 159
Future technological advances, 159
Summary, 160
Disclosure, 160
The Future of PET-MRI Beyond “PET Plus MRI”: Initial Failure of Utilization Potential and Pathways to Success, 165
By Babak Saboury, Michael A. Morris, Austin J. Borja, and Abass Alavi
Introduction, 165
Present clinical applications of PET-MRI, 167
Brain, 167
Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders, 168
Cerebrovascular Disease, 168
Seizure Disorders, 170
Brain Tumors, 170
Traumatic Brain Injury, 170
Cardiac, 171
PET-MRI-Based Cardiac Perfusion Imaging, 171
PET-MRI for Viability, 171
Inflammation, 171
MRI and Atherosclerosis, 172
PET and Atherosclerosis, 172
PET-MRI and Atherosclerosis, 172
Sarcoidosis, 172
MRI in Sarcoidosis, 172
PET in Sarcoidosis, 173
Hybrid PET-MRI in Sarcoidosis, 173
Cancer, 174
Prostate, 174
Liver, 176
Musculoskeletal, 180
Nonmalignant diseases and disorders, 182
Discussion, 183
Improved Quantification Is the Name of the Game: Toward the Integrated and Synergistic Approach, 183
Past to Present: Truth in Data, 183
Present to Future: Downfall or Resurrection, 185
Summary, 185
Disclosure, 185
Multidetector Computed Tomography of Pediatric Vascular Imaging with Advanced Postprocessing Techniques, 191
By Alison Hart and Edward Y. Lee
Introduction, 191
Imaging techniques, 191
Pediatric Patient Preparation, 192
Intravenous Contrast, 192
Advanced Postprocessing Techniques, 192
Spectrum of pediatric thoracic vascular disorders, 193
Vascular Rings and Sling, 193
Total and Partial Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return, 197
Interrupted Aortic Arch, 200
Coarctation of Thoracic Aorta, 200
Tetralogy of Fallot, 202
Spectrum of pediatric abdominal vascular disorders, 207
Renal Artery Stenosis, 207
Middle Aortic Syndrome, 208
Aortic Thrombosis, 208
Hepatic Arterioportal Fistula, 208
Summary, 209
Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasonography of the Abdomen: Ready for Prime Time!, 213
By Stephanie R. Wilson and Richard G. Barr
Video content accompanies this article at http://www.advancesincosmeticsurgery.com.
Introduction, 213
Microbubble Contrast Agents, 214
Technique for Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasonography, 214
Liver contrast-enhanced ultrasonography, 214
Interpretation of Liver Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasonography, 214
Liver Metastases, 215
Hepatocellular Carcinoma, 217
Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma, 219
Liver Reporting & Data System, 220
Variations Between Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasonography, Computed Tomography, and Magnetic Resonance Scans, 221
Liver Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasonography Today, 221
Kidney contrast-enhanced ultrasonography, 221
Normal Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasonography Renal Enhancement, 222
Benign Renal Masses, 222
Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography beyond the liver and the kidney, 226
Pancreas Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasonography, 226
Spleen Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasonography, 226
Gastrointestinal Tract Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasonography, 226
Endovascular Aortic Repair, 227
Pediatric Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasonography, 229
Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasonography in Interventional Radiology, 230
Summary, 231
Utility of Ultrasound for Evaluating Masses in the Pediatric Population, 235
By Benjamin LeMoine and Jonathan D. Samet
Introduction, 235
Patients and methods, 235
Results, 237
Discussion, 239
Overview of commonly encountered pediatric musculoskeletal soft tissue masses, 241
Cystic lesions, 241
Popliteal Cyst (Baker Cyst), 241
Ganglion Cyst, 242
Ganglion Cyst of Flexor Tendon Sheath, 242
Vascular lesions, 242
Lipomatous lesions, 243
Traumatic lesions, 243
Nerve Injury, 243
Morel-Lavallé, 243
Pseudoaneurysm, 243
Malignant lesions, 243
Lesions with characteristic locations (not previously discussed), 243
Subcutaneous Granuloma Annulare, 243
Giant Cell Tumor of the Tendon Sheath, 244
Nerve Sheath Tumors, 244
Other, 244
Pilomatricoma, 244
Summary, 244
Disclosure, 244
Particulate vs Nonparticulate Steroids, a Discussion on Safety and Efficacy, 247
By Wyatt Kupperman and Kush K. Goyal
Introduction, 247
Anatomic considerations, 247
Technical considerations, 250
Live fluoroscopy and digital subtraction angiography as safe practice, 250
Cervical transforaminal epidural steroid injection, 251
Studies of efficacy: particulate versus nonparticulate, 251
Conclusion, 253
Disclosure, 254
Compressed Sensing MRI: Technique and Clinical Applications, 257
By George R. Matcuk Jr., Jordan S. Gross, and Jan Fritz
Introduction, 257
Technique, 258
Clinical applications, 259
Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced MRI, 259
Cardiac MRI, 260
Magnetic Resonance Angiography, 260
Musculoskeletal MRI, 260
Metal Artifact Reduction MRI, 263
Brain and Spine, 265
Artifacts, 265
Summary, 267
Disclosure, 268
Application of Dual-Energy Computed Tomography in Bone Lesion Biopsy, 273
By Sean Dwijendra and Michael Burke
Introduction, 273
Normal anatomy and imaging techniques, 273
Imaging protocols, 275
Imaging findings/pathology, 276
Diagnostic criteria, 278
Differential diagnosis, 281
Pearls, pitfalls, and variants, 281
Pearls, 281
Pitfalls, 282
Variants, 282
What the referring physician needs to know, 283
Disclosure, 283
Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Applications in Musculoskeletal Imaging, 285
By Sheila Enamandram, Emir Sandhu, Bao H. Do, Joshua J. Reicher, and Christopher F. Beaulieu
Introduction, 285
Artificial intelligence: technical terms and concepts, 286
Artificial Intelligence, 286
Bayesian Networks, 286
Machine Learning, 286
Supervised and Unsupervised Learning, 286
Neural Networks, 286
Deep Learning, 286
Machine learning in musculoskeletal imaging, 287
Bone Tumors, 287
Trauma, 291
Bone Age, 292
Degenerative Changes, 292
Data Sharing, 293
Discussion, 293
Clinical Impact of Artificial Intelligence, 293
Summary, 294
Financial disclosures, 295
Advances in Intracranial Perfusion Imaging for Thrombectomy Patient Selection, 299
By Amanda Murphy, Mark W. Parsons, Andrew Bivard, and Richard I. Aviv
Introduction, 299
Background, 300
Perceived Barriers to Multimodal Computed Tomography Scan Use, 300
Delay Owing to Multimodal Computed Tomography Scan Use, 300
Multimodal Computed Tomography Radiation Dose, 300
Contrast-Induced Nephropathy, 300
Nonreproducibility of Computed Tomography Perfusion Imaging and Thresholds for Core Estimation, 301
Rationale for Multimodal Computed Tomography Scan Use with an Emphasis on Computed Tomography Perfusion Imaging, 302
Applications of Computed Tomography Perfusion Imaging Use in Acute Stroke, 302
Physiologic Patient Selection Rationale, 303
Computed Tomography Perfusion Imaging-Based Patient Selection for Endovascular Treatment Beyond 6 Hours, 303
Computed Tomography Perfusion Imaging- Based Patient Selection for Intravenous Thrombolysis After 4.5 Hours, 304
Computed Tomography Perfusion Imaging-Based Patient Selection for Endovascular Therapy at 6 or More Hours, 305
Pearls and Pitfalls of Computed Tomography Perfusion Imaging Interpretation, 306
Post Processing Errors, 311
Summary, 317
Disclosure, 317
Pediatric Ischemic Strokes, 319
By Boris Chulpayev, Steven Benitez, Sarah Van Dine, Amichai J. Erdfarb, Solomon L. Moshé, Karen Ballaban-Gil, Allan Brook, and Seon-Kyu Lee
Introduction, 319
Epidemiology, 320
Perinatal acute ischemic stroke, 320
Childhood acute ischemic stroke, 320
Diagnostic imaging, 320
Computed Tomography Head, Computed Tomography Angiography Head and Neck, 320
MRI Brain, Magnetic Resonance Angiography Head and Neck, 320
Conventional cerebral angiography, 321
Management, 322
Summary, 323
Disclosure, 323
Advances in Spine Tumor Imaging and Intervention, 325
By Wende N. Gibbs and Jonathan J. Rasouli
Introduction, 325
Conventional and advanced imaging, 325
MRI, 326
Computed Tomography Scans, 328
Nuclear Medicine, 329
Radiologic assessment and reporting, 332
Radiation Therapy and Surgery, 333
Evidence-Based Treatment Algorithms, 334
Radiologic Assessment, 335
Percutaneous treatment options, 337
Summary, 337
Disclosure, 337
Magnetoencephalography and Mild Traumatic Brain Injury, 341
By Amy L. Proskovec, Bhavya R. Shah, Frank F. Yu, Michael Achilleos, Joseph A. Maldjian, and Elizabeth M. Davenport
Introduction, 341
Mild traumatic brain injury, 341
Magnetoencephalography, 342
Abnormal slow wave activity in mild traumatic brain injury, 343
Detection Rates Outperform Other Neuroimaging Modalities, 343
Sensitivity to Axonal Injury, 345
Patient Specificity and Relation to Postconcussive Symptoms, 345
Implications for Treatment and Return to Activity Decisions, 345
Limitations, 346
Other areas of investigation, 346
Aberrant Gamma Activity in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury, 346
Functional Connectivity in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury, 346
Task-Based Magnetoencephalography in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury, 346
Pediatric Mild Traumatic Brain Injury, 347
Future avenues, 347
Pediatric Mild Traumatic Brain Injury, 347
Blast-Induced Versus Blunt-Trauma Mild Traumatic Brain Injury, 347
Longitudinal Assessment, 347
Subconcussive Impacts, 347
Summary, 348
Disclosure, 349
