Editorial Board, iii
Contributors, v
Preface: Advances in Clinical Radiology, xv
By Frank H. Miller
State-of-the-Art Dual-Energy Computed Tomography in Gastrointestinal and Genitourinary Imaging, 1
By Ashish Khandelwal, Achille Mileto, Shuai Leng, and Joel G. Fletcher
Introduction, 1
Considerations when designing acquisition and reconstruction protocols, 2
Organ-specific advances and uses, 2
Genitourinary system, 2
Gastrointestinal system, 4
Liver mass evaluation, 4
Pancreaticobiliary applications, 7
Bowel imaging applications, 8
Trauma, 12
Standardization of displays, 12
Virtual noncontrast imaging strengths and weaknesses, 13
Matched use of virtual noncontrast imaging and iodine maps, 13
Low iodine imaging, 13
Workflow and integration into heterogeneous practices, 13
Photon-counting computed tomography, 14
Summary, 14
Digital Mammography, 19
By Katherine E. Conlon, Lucy Lester, and Sarah M. Friedewald
Benefits of mammography, 19
Digital mammography, 19
Radiation dose with digital mammography, 20
Technical considerations with digital mammography, 20
Transition to digital mammography, 21
Digital breast tomosynthesis, 21
Digital breast tomosynthesis and national guidelines, 22
Transition to digital breast tomosynthesis, 23
Technical considerations with digital breast tomosynthesis, 23
Synthetic imaging, 23
Digital breast tomosynthesis-guided biopsy, 24
Summary, 24
Cardiac MRI T1, T2, and T2* Mapping in Clinical Practice, 27
By Gauri Rani Karur and Kate Hanneman
Introduction, 27
Significance, 27
Technical considerations, 27
Clinical applications, 31
Present relevance and future avenues, 37
Summary, 37
Four-Dimensional Flow Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Cardiothoracic Imaging, 43
By Bradley D. Allen, Nicholas S. Burris, Pamela J. Lombardi, and Christopher J. Francois
Introduction, 43
Significance, 44
Phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging, 44
Four-dimensional flow magnetic resonance imaging, 44
Clinical applications, 46
Future directions, 50
Aortic dissection, 50
Diastolic dysfunction, 51
Summary, 51
Quantitative MRI Biomarkers of Diffuse Liver Disease, 55
By Michael C. Olson, Scott B. Reeder, and Sudhakar K. Venkatesh
Introduction, 55
Evaluation of hepatic fat content, 56
MRI evaluation of hepatic fat content, 56
Quantitative chemical shift–encoded MRI, 57
Proton density fat fraction and R2* maps, 58
Applications, 59
Limitations, 59
Evaluation of hepatic fibrosis, 60
Magnetic resonance evaluation of fibrosis: magnetic resonance elastography, 61
Elastograms, 62
Applications, 62
Advances in liver magnetic resonance elastography, 63
Limitations, 64
Summary, 66
Radiogenomics of Oncology: Current Trends and Future Directions, 71
By Jason Chiang and Neema Jamshidi
Brain, 72
Lung, 73
Liver, 74
Kidney, 75
Prostate, 75
Breast, 76
Abscopal effects, 77
Current challenges and limitations, 77
Future directions, 78
Deep Learning in Musculoskeletal Imaging, 83
By Fang Liu and Richard Kijowski
Introduction, 83
Overview of deep learning, 84
Tissue segmentation, 85
Image reconstruction, 87
Disease detection, 88
Summary, 91
Lung Cancer Screening, 95
By Brett W. Carter
Introduction, 95
Communication of low-dose computed tomography results, 96
Lung CT screening reporting and data system, 96
Underserved populations, 100
Incidental findings, 101
Background, 101
Classification, 102
Reporting and management, 103
Radiomics, 103
Biomarkers for lung cancer screening, 104
Summary, 104
Quantitative Computed Tomographic Evaluation of Lung Nodules, 109
By Jeffrey B. Alpert
Introduction, 109
Nodule diameter, volume, and mass, 110
Understanding radiomics, 111
Considering histogram features, 111
Quantitative computed tomography and lung nodules: clinical applications, 113
Current challenges, 116
Summary, 117
Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement: Preprocedure and Postprocedure Imaging, 119
By Htin Aung, Eric E. Williamson, and Satinder P. Singh
Video content accompanies this article at www.advancesinclinicalradiology.com.
Introduction, 119
Backround, 120
Development of transcatheter aortic valve replacement, 120
Pretranscatheter aortic valve replacement imaging, 122
Echocardiography, 122
Multidetector computed tomography, 123
Image acquisition, 123
Measurements, 123
Access site measurements, 126
Transfemoral, 126
Transapical, 126
Other access sites, 126
Alternative imaging modalities, 129
Special cases, 129
Complications, 130
Valve thrombosis, 132
Summary, 133
Fetal Neuroimaging, 135
By Thierry A.G.M. Huisman
Introduction, 135
Significance, 135
Anatomic and advanced fetal magnetic resonance imaging sequences, 136
Feto-maternal unit, 136
Significance of serial or follow-up fetal MRI examinations, 139
Isolated finding or part of a syndrome, quo vadis?, 140
Concept of fetal malformation, disruption, and destruction and timing of injury, 141
Multilevel fetal abnormality benefits from a large field of view, 144
Fetal/maternal incubator, 144
Magnetic resonance pelvimetry and fetal MRI, 145
Chiari 2 and open spinal dysraphia, fetal interventions, 146
Neuroendocrine Imaging: Pathology, Clinical Algorithms, Imaging Appropriateness, and Management of Incidental Findings, 151
By Judah Burns, Kevin Hsu, Keivan Shifteh, and Amichai J. Erdfarb
Introduction, 151
Normal anatomy and imaging technique, 151
Clinical syndromes, 154
Imaging appropriateness, 155
Imaging findings, 156
Ectopic or absent posterior pituitary, 156
Pituitary microadenoma, 157
Pituitary macroadenoma, 157
Pituitary apoplexy and abscess, 160
Rathke cleft cyst, 160
Craniopharyngioma, 161
Lymphocytic hypophysitis, 161
Tuber cinereum hamartoma, 163
Other cystic lesions of the sella and suprasellar cistern, 163
Other suprasellar lesions of nonpituitary origin, 165
Incidental findings, 166
Summary, 168
Imaging of Sports Injuries of the Lower Extremity, 171
By Swati Deshmukh
Introduction, 171
Imaging technique, 171
Osseous sports injuries, 172
Articular sports injuries, 173
Ligamentous sports injuries, 176
Muscular sports injuries, 177
Tendinous sports injuries, 179
Fascial/aponeurotic sports injuries, 181
Summary, 182
Utility and Limitations of Multimodality Imaging for the Evaluation of Neuromas-in-Continuity in the Preoperative and Intraoperative Settings, 183
By Samir Abboud, Kulia Kakarala, Ankur Garg, Thomas Grant, Michel Kliot, and Imran M. Omar
Introduction, 183
Pathophysiology, 184
Treatment, 184
Imaging strategy, 184
Injury-grade specific imaging findings and pitfalls, 186
Example: identifying severe injury, 186
Example: identifying lower-grade injury and visualizing nerve healing/Regeneration, 186
Example: identifying subtle injury, confirming preoperative diagnosis with ultrasound-guided percutaneous intervention, 189
Current imaging limitations, 190
Summary, 190
High-Resolution Magnetic Resonance Vessel Wall Imaging in Intracranial Atherosclerotic Disease, 193
By Ramez N. Abdalla, Donald R. Cantrell, Alireza Vali, Michael C. Hurley, Ali Shaibani, Timothy J. Carroll, and Sameer A. Ansari
Introduction, 193
Intracranial atherosclerotic disease epidemiology and risk factors, 194
Intracranial atherosclerotic disease stroke recurrence, 194
Intracranial atherosclerotic disease management, 195
Luminal angiography limitations, 195
Intracranial atherosclerotic disease and vulnerable plaque pathophysiology, 198
Intracranial atherosclerotic disease stroke mechanisms, 199
Magnetic resonance vessel wall imaging protocols, 200
Blood and cerebrospinal fluid suppression, 200
Spatial resolution , 200
Two-dimensional versus three-dimensional protocols , 201
Field strength, 201
Image weighting, 201
Contrast injection, 201
Pulse gating, 201
Magnetic resonance vessel wall imaging: normal intracranial vasculature, 202
Magnetic resonance vessel wall imaging: intracranial atherosclerotic disease, 203
Magnetic resonance vessel wall imaging in differentiating intracranial stenoses, occlusions, and vasculopathies, 209
Magnetic resonance vessel wall imaging limitations and future considerations, 209
Summary, 209
Advances in the Ablative Management of Hepatocellular Carcinoma, 215
By Beau B. Toskich, Ryan E. Bailey, Sadeer J. Alzubaidi, Zlatko Devcic, Gregory T. Frey, Andrew R. Lewis, Michael R. Moynagh, Kabir Mody, Charles A. Ritchie, Terence T. Sio, Tushar Patel, and Ricardo Paz-Fumagalli
Introduction, 215
Radiofrequency ablation, 216
Microwave ablation, 216
Cryoablation, 216
Irreversible electroporation, 217
Transarterial radioembolization, 217
Stereotactic body radiotherapy, 218
Ethanol therapy, 219
Emerging therapies, 219
Transarterial chemoembolization combination therapies, 220
Ablative-systemic combination therapies, 221
Ablation and immunotherapy, 221
Future considerations, 222
New Frontiers in Embolization, 227
By Sandeep Bagla, Rachel Piechowiak, and Ari Isaacson
Geniculate artery embolization, 227
Prostate artery embolization, 229
Vertebral Augmentation, 233
By Nicole S. Carter, Julian Maingard, Ronil V. Chandra, Hamed Asadi, and Joshua A. Hirsch
Introduction, 233
Considerations in procedural technique, 234
Indications, 234
Contraindications, 234
Preprocedural imaging, 234
Image guidance, 234
Special considerations, 234
Evidence for efficacy, 235
Vertebroplasty, 235
Kyphoplasty, 237
Comparing vertebroplasty with kyphoplasty, 238
Evidence for safety, 238
Overall complications, 238
Cement leakage, 238
Subsequent vertebral fractures, 239
Mortality benefit?, 239
Summary, 240
Interventional Radiology in the Era of Immuno-Oncology: Impact and Opportunity, 243
By Matthew A. Chiarello and Ryan M. Hickey
Introduction, 243
Backround, 244
Immune system function and activation, 244
Key checkpoints in the immune activation pathway, 244
T-cell exhaustion and the tumor microenvironment, 244
Role of the regulatory T cell, 245
Immunosuppressive mechanisms in the liver, 245
Liver-specific immune surveillance, 245
Chronic liver inflammation and the tumor microenvironment of hepatocellular carcinoma, 245
Immunotherapy and locoregional therapies, 245
Thermal and chemical ablation, 246
Transarterial therapies, 246
Radioembolization and immunotherapy, 247
Future perspectives, 248
Summary, 248
Endovascular Management of Acute Lower Extremity Deep Vein Thrombosis: Rationale for Use and Lessons Learned from Emerging Clinical Trials, 251
By Kush R. Desai, Simer Grewal, Raj Shah, and Suresh Vedantham
Introduction, 251
Pathophysiology of postthrombotic syndrome, 252
Assessment of postthrombotic syndrome, 252
Rationale for thromboreductive therapies , 253
Early supportive studies, 253
Prospective evaluation of catheter-directed thrombolysis in postthrombotic syndrome prevention: the catheter-directed venous thrombolysis in acute iliofemoral vein thrombosis trial, 253
Pharmacomechanical thrombectomy and the acute venous thrombosis: thrombus removal with adjunctive catheter-directed thrombolysis trial, 254
Future directions, 255
