Advertisement
Review Article| Volume 1, P151-170, September 2019

Download started.

Ok

Neuroendocrine Imaging

Pathology, Clinical Algorithms, Imaging Appropriateness, and Management of Incidental Findings
      Lesions of the sella turcica and suprasellar cistern may present clinically with headache, visual changes, and hormonal abnormalities.

      Keywords

      To read this article in full you will need to make a payment

      Purchase one-time access:

      Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online access
      One-time access price info
      • For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
      • For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'

      Subscribe:

      Subscribe to Advances in Clinical Radiology
      Already a print subscriber? Claim online access
      Already an online subscriber? Sign in
      Institutional Access: Sign in to ScienceDirect

      References

        • Hess C.P.
        • Dillon W.P.
        Imaging the pituitary and parasellar region.
        Neurosurg Clin N Am. 2012; 23: 529-542
        • Hamid O.
        • El Fiky L.
        • Hassan O.
        • et al.
        Anatomic variations of the sphenoid sinus and their impact on trans-sphenoid pituitary surgery.
        Skull Base. 2008; 18: 9-15
        • Ahmadipour Y.
        • Lemonas E.
        • Maslehaty H.
        • et al.
        Critical analysis of anatomical landmarks within the sphenoid sinus for transsphenoidal surgery.
        Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2016; 273: 3929-3936
        • Chin B.M.
        • Orlandi R.R.
        • Wiggins 3rd, R.H.
        Evaluation of the sellar and parasellar regions.
        Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 2012; 20: 515-543
        • Cottier J.P.
        • Destrieux C.
        • Brunereau L.
        • et al.
        Cavernous sinus invasion by pituitary adenomas: MR imaging.
        Radiology. 2000; 215: 463-469
        • Ebner F.H.
        • Kuerschner V.
        • Dietz K.
        • et al.
        Reduced intercarotid artery distance in acromegaly: pathophysiologic considerations and implications for transsphenoidal surgery.
        Surg Neurol. 2009; 72 ([discussion: 460]): 456-460
        • Pisaneschi M.
        • Kapoor G.
        Imaging the sella and parasellar region.
        Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 2005; 15: 203-219
        • Go J.L.
        • Rajamohan A.G.
        Imaging of the sella and parasellar region.
        Radiol Clin North Am. 2017; 55: 83-101
        • Osborn A.G.
        Sella and pituitary overview in osborn.
        in: Osborn A.G. Diagnostic imaging: brain. 2nd edition. LWW, Altona (Manitoba)2010 (II-2-2-7)
        • Castillo M.
        Pituitary gland: development, normal appearances, and magnetic resonance imaging protocols.
        Top Magn Reson Imaging. 2005; 16: 259-268
        • Wolpert S.M.
        • Molitch M.E.
        • Goldman J.A.
        • et al.
        Size, shape, and appearance of the normal female pituitary gland.
        AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1984; 143: 377-381
        • Lucas J.W.
        • Zada G.
        Imaging of the pituitary and parasellar region.
        Semin Neurol. 2012; 32: 320-331
        • Friedman T.C.
        • Zuckerbraun E.
        • Lee M.L.
        • et al.
        Dynamic pituitary MRI has high sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of mild Cushing's syndrome and should be part of the initial workup.
        Horm Metab Res. 2007; 39: 451-456
        • Patel S.N.
        • Youssef A.S.
        • Vale F.L.
        • et al.
        Re-evaluation of the role of image guidance in minimally invasive pituitary surgery: benefits and outcomes.
        Comput Aided Surg. 2011; 16: 47-53
        • Garcia-Garrigos E.
        • Arenas-Jimenez J.J.
        • Monjas-Canovas I.
        • et al.
        Transsphenoidal approach in endoscopic endonasal surgery for skull base lesions: what radiologists and surgeons need to know.
        Radiographics. 2015; 35: 1170-1185
        • Wu L.M.
        • Li Y.L.
        • Yin Y.H.
        • et al.
        Usefulness of dual-energy computed tomography imaging in the differential diagnosis of sellar meningiomas and pituitary adenomas: preliminary report.
        PLoS One. 2014; 9: e90658
        • Wong A.
        • Eloy J.A.
        • Couldwell W.T.
        • et al.
        Update on prolactinomas. Part 1: clinical manifestations and diagnostic challenges.
        J Clin Neurosci. 2015; 22: 1562-1567
        • Karavitaki N.
        • Collison K.
        • Halliday J.
        • et al.
        What is the natural history of nonoperated nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas?.
        Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2007; 67: 938-943
        • Burns J.
        • Policeni B.
        • Bykowski J.
        • et al.
        ACR appropriateness criteria® neuroendocrine imaging. American College of Radiology.
        (Available at:) (Accessed January 3, 2019)
        • Eroukhmanoff J.
        • Tejedor I.
        • Potorac I.
        • et al.
        MRI follow-up is unnecessary in patients with macroprolactinomas and long-term normal prolactin levels on dopamine agonist treatment.
        Eur J Endocrinol. 2017; 176: 323-328
        • Grunt J.A.
        • Midyett L.K.
        • Simon S.D.
        • et al.
        When should cranial magnetic resonance imaging be used in girls with early sexual development?.
        J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2004; 17: 775-780
        • Ng S.M.
        • Kumar Y.
        • Cody D.
        • et al.
        Cranial MRI scans are indicated in all girls with central precocious puberty.
        Arch Dis Child. 2003; 88 ([discussion: 14–8]): 414-418
        • Kaplowitz P.B.
        Do 6-8 year old girls with central precocious puberty need routine brain imaging?.
        Int J Pediatr Endocrinol. 2016; 2016: 9
        • Pedicelli S.
        • Alessio P.
        • Scire G.
        • et al.
        Routine screening by brain magnetic resonance imaging is not indicated in every girl with onset of puberty between the ages of 6 and 8 years.
        J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014; 99: 4455-4461
        • Dutta P.
        • Bhansali A.
        • Singh P.
        • et al.
        Congenital hypopituitarism: clinico-radiological correlation.
        J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2009; 22: 921-928
        • Spampinato M.V.
        • Castillo M.
        Congenital pathology of the pituitary gland and parasellar region.
        Top Magn Reson Imaging. 2005; 16: 269-276
      1. CNS anatomy: sella and central skull base.
        in: Grossman R.I. Yousem D.M. Neuroradiology: the requisites. 2nd edition. Elsevier, Philadelphia2003: 517-564
        • Famini P.
        • Maya M.M.
        • Melmed S.
        Pituitary magnetic resonance imaging for sellar and parasellar masses: ten-year experience in 2598 patients.
        J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011; 96: 1633-1641
        • Ezzat S.
        • Asa S.L.
        • Couldwell W.T.
        • et al.
        The prevalence of pituitary adenomas: a systematic review.
        Cancer. 2004; 101: 613-619
        • Grober Y.
        • Grober H.
        • Wintermark M.
        • et al.
        Comparison of MRI techniques for detecting microadenomas in Cushing's disease.
        J Neurosurg. 2018; 128: 1051-1057
        • Rand T.
        • Lippitz P.
        • Kink E.
        • et al.
        Evaluation of pituitary microadenomas with dynamic MR imaging.
        Eur J Radiol. 2002; 41: 131-135
        • Isik S.
        • Berker D.
        • Tutuncu Y.A.
        • et al.
        Clinical and radiological findings in macroprolactinemia.
        Endocrine. 2012; 41: 327-333
        • Chen X.
        • Dai J.
        • Ai L.
        • et al.
        Clival invasion on multi-detector CT in 390 pituitary macroadenomas: correlation with sex, subtype and rates of operative complication and recurrence.
        AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2011; 32: 785-789
        • Tosaka M.
        • Sato N.
        • Hirato J.
        • et al.
        Assessment of hemorrhage in pituitary macroadenoma by T2*-weighted gradient-echo MR imaging.
        AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2007; 28: 2023-2029
        • Micko A.S.
        • Wohrer A.
        • Wolfsberger S.
        • et al.
        Invasion of the cavernous sinus space in pituitary adenomas: endoscopic verification and its correlation with an MRI-based classification.
        J Neurosurg. 2015; 122: 803-811
        • Briet C.
        • Salenave S.
        • Bonneville J.F.
        • et al.
        Pituitary apoplexy.
        Endocr Rev. 2015; 36: 622-645
        • Sarwar K.N.
        • Huda M.S.
        • Van de Velde V.
        • et al.
        The prevalence and natural history of pituitary hemorrhage in prolactinoma.
        J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013; 98: 2362-2367
        • Huang K.T.
        • Bi W.L.
        • Smith T.R.
        • et al.
        Intrasellar abscess following pituitary surgery.
        Pituitary. 2015; 18: 731-737
        • Harrison M.J.
        • Morgello S.
        • Post K.D.
        Epithelial cystic lesions of the sellar and parasellar region: a continuum of ectodermal derivatives?.
        J Neurosurg. 1994; 80: 1018-1025
        • Rao V.J.
        • James R.A.
        • Mitra D.
        Imaging characteristics of common suprasellar lesions with emphasis on MRI findings.
        Clin Radiol. 2008; 63: 939-947
        • Molitch M.E.
        • Gillam M.P.
        Lymphocytic hypophysitis.
        Horm Res. 2007; 68: 145-150
        • Freeman J.L.
        • Coleman L.T.
        • Wellard R.M.
        • et al.
        MR imaging and spectroscopic study of epileptogenic hypothalamic hamartomas: analysis of 72 cases.
        AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2004; 25: 450-462
        • Castro L.H.
        • Ferreira L.K.
        • Teles L.R.
        • et al.
        Epilepsy syndromes associated with hypothalamic hamartomas.
        Seizure. 2007; 16: 50-58
        • Guitelman M.
        • Garcia Basavilbaso N.
        • Vitale M.
        • et al.
        Primary empty sella (PES): a review of 175 cases.
        Pituitary. 2013; 16: 270-274
        • Parrott J.
        • Mullins M.E.
        Postoperative imaging of the pituitary gland.
        Top Magn Reson Imaging. 2005; 16: 317-323
        • Rennert J.
        • Doerfler A.
        Imaging of sellar and parasellar lesions.
        Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2007; 109: 111-124
        • Bos D.
        • Poels M.M.
        • Adams H.H.
        • et al.
        Prevalence, clinical management, and natural course of incidental findings on brain MR images: the population-based Rotterdam Scan Study.
        Radiology. 2016; 281: 507-515
        • Morris Z.
        • Whiteley W.N.
        • Longstreth Jr., W.T.
        • et al.
        Incidental findings on brain magnetic resonance imaging: systematic review and meta-analysis.
        BMJ. 2009; 339: b3016
        • Hall W.A.
        • Luciano M.G.
        • Doppman J.L.
        • et al.
        Pituitary magnetic resonance imaging in normal human volunteers: occult adenomas in the general population.
        Ann Intern Med. 1994; 120: 817-820
        • Hyun S.H.
        • Choi J.Y.
        • Lee K.H.
        • et al.
        Incidental focal 18F-FDG uptake in the pituitary gland: clinical significance and differential diagnostic criteria.
        J Nucl Med. 2011; 52: 547-550
        • Jeong S.Y.
        • Lee S.W.
        • Lee H.J.
        • et al.
        Incidental pituitary uptake on whole-body 18F-FDG PET/CT: a multicentre study.
        Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2010; 37: 2334-2343
        • Hoang J.K.
        • Hoffman A.R.
        • Gonzalez R.G.
        • et al.
        Management of incidental pituitary findings on CT, MRI, and (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose PET: a white paper of the ACR incidental findings committee.
        J Am Coll Radiol. 2018; 15: 966-972
        • Esteves C.
        • Neves C.
        • Augusto L.
        • et al.
        Pituitary incidentalomas: analysis of a neuroradiological cohort.
        Pituitary. 2015; 18: 777-781
        • Buurman H.
        • Saeger W.
        Subclinical adenomas in postmortem pituitaries: classification and correlations to clinical data.
        Eur J Endocrinol. 2006; 154: 753-758
        • Sanno N.
        • Oyama K.
        • Tahara S.
        • et al.
        A survey of pituitary incidentaloma in Japan.
        Eur J Endocrinol. 2003; 149: 123-127
        • Arita K.
        • Tominaga A.
        • Sugiyama K.
        • et al.
        Natural course of incidentally found nonfunctioning pituitary adenoma, with special reference to pituitary apoplexy during follow-up examination.
        J Neurosurg. 2006; 104: 884-891
        • Moller-Goede D.L.
        • Brandle M.
        • Landau K.
        • et al.
        Pituitary apoplexy: re-evaluation of risk factors for bleeding into pituitary adenomas and impact on outcome.
        Eur J Endocrinol. 2011; 164: 37-43
        • Freda P.U.
        • Beckers A.M.
        • Katznelson L.
        • et al.
        Pituitary incidentaloma: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline.
        J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011; 96: 894-904
        • Vernooij M.W.
        • Ikram M.A.
        • Tanghe H.L.
        • et al.
        Incidental findings on brain MRI in the general population.
        N Engl J Med. 2007; 357: 1821-1828